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RKD NewsNet June 2024

From the desk of Dr. Mohan Dewan | Assisted by: Adv. Arjun Pradhan Adv. Shubham Borkar

RKD NewsNet June 2024

1 Cover Story
Dr Mohan Dewan & Dr Niti Dewan recognised as WIPR Global Leaders 2024
2 RKD News
Recognised by IAM Patent 1000: 2024
India Business Law Journal Indian Law Firm Awards 2024
International Yoga Day Celebrations at R K Dewan & Co.
3 Analysis
An Exploration into Personality Rights
4 Thread Bare
VIAGRA vs. VIGOURA: The Legal Prescription that ended the Phonetic Duel
5 IP Updates
Ringing the Fair Notes PSITA - Person Skilled in The Art – An Unfolding
6 Spotlight
Recent GI registrations in India from Kerala
Cover Story

Dr Mohan Dewan
& Dr Niti Dewan recognised as
WIPR Global
Leaders 2024

We are pleased to announce that Dr Mohan Dewan and Dr Niti Dewan have been recognized by WIPR - World IP Review in the latest edition of WIPR Global Leader directory as “WIPR Leaders – IP Strategists.”
7 Snips and Specs
IPR Quiz
For Those Who Don’t Know Everything Accidental Inventions Remembering Brands “Lost” (in Time) Unsung Heroines and Heroes
Visit us at www.rkdewan.com | Write to us at niti_dewan@rkdewanmail.com | Follow Us on
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IAM Patent 1000: 2024
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We are proud to announce that R K Dewan & Co has been recognized for its exceptional IP services in the IAM Patent 1000: 2024 rankings.

Special congratulations to Dr Mohan Dewan, Dr Niti Dewan and Adv. Disha Dewan for their outstanding contributions and recognition as recommended individuals.
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India Business Law Journal Indian Law Firm Awards 2024
We are pleased to share that R K Dewan & Co has been recognised as winners in the "IP Protection" category by India Business Law Journal Indian Law Firm Awards2024.

We are thankful to our clients and associates for their continued support and are committed to growing further.
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International Yoga Day Celebrations at R K Dewan & Co.
On June 21st, R K Dewan & Co celebrated International Yoga Day with great enthusiasm, bringing together our team members for a day dedicated to wellness and mindfulness. The event was a vibrant and rejuvenating experience, set against the backdrop of a beautiful sunset.

We were privileged to have Mr. Rajendra Bhujbal from the Ramamani Iyengar Memorial Yoga Institute who lead the session. Mr. Bhujbal's extensive knowledge and serene guidance created a harmonious atmosphere, allowing everyone to fully immerse themselves in the practice of yoga.

The session commenced with a brief introduction to the significance of Yoga Day, followed by a meticulous demonstration of a series of asanas. Each pose was explained in detail, ensuring that participants of all skill levels could follow along and benefit from the practice. The session also included pranayama (breathing exercises) and concluded with a peaceful meditation, leaving everyone feeling refreshed and centered. Owing to the benefits of yoga, we have incorporated regular yoga sessions for our team every Tuesday and Friday.
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Analysis
AN EXPLORATION INTO PERSONALITY RIGHTS
"Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign."
-John Stuart Mill
The importance of personal and intellectual autonomy, reinforcing the legal frameworks that empower individuals to maintain control over their identity and creative outputs cannot be highlighted enough. The intersection of technology and intellectual property law has become increasingly complex with the advent of AI-generated content. Scarlett Johansson's dispute with OpenAI over the "Sky" voice feature which eerily resembles Scarlett’s voice from one of her movies titled, “Her”, highlight the increasing violations of personality rights of an individual and the pressing need for robust legal frameworks to protect personality rights. These rights encompass an individual's control over the commercial use of their name, image, voice, and likeness, often referred to collectively as the "mark."

Personality rights: The How, what and why
Personality rights simply put are rights that give individuals the power to control how their name, picture, likeness, or voice etc. is used. This enables individuals to stop others from using these personal details in ads, products, or other business activities without permission of the owner. An individual can gain the right of publicity through their association with an event, sport, movie, and similar activities. However, this right does not extend to the event that made the individual famous or to the corporation that organized the event. These rights are often associated with the broader right to privacy and are recognized through various legal frameworks and judicial pronouncements. However, it has been noticed that different jurisdictions have adopted varied approaches to personality rights. Some treat them as a single right covering both commercial and non-commercial aspects, while others view them as separate rights.

The Hon’ble Delhi High Court in the case of ICC Development (International) Ltd. v. Arvee Enterprises and Anr held that any effort to transfer the right of publicity from the individual to the event's organizer (a non-human entity) would violate Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India. No persona can be monopolized. The right of publicity belongs solely to the individual, who is entitled to benefit from it alone.
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The evolution of personality rights, itself is fascinating. This right is not a new entrant into the society, its evolution spans centuries. Influential writings like "The Right to Privacy" by Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis set the stage for the recognition of individuals' rights to control their personal information and identity.

In the modern era, the commercialization of fame and the proliferation of mass media have propelled the concept of personality rights to the forefront of legaldiscourse. Celebrities' names and images have become valuable commodities, prompting the establishment of legal frameworks to protect individuals' control over their likeness and identity. This has led to the recognition of rights such as the right of publicity, empowering individuals to manage and profit from the commercial use of their persona. As we navigate the digital age, with its ubiquitous online presence and social media influence, the landscape of personality rights continues to evolve, presenting both new challenges and opportunities for legal protection in an increasingly interconnected world.

Indian perspective to personality rights

Personality rights in India are a relatively nascent and evolving legal concept. In the absence of any particular legal provision alluding to the same, they are still rooted in the broader domain of intellectual property and privacy laws, personality rights encompass the protection of an individual's name, likeness, voice, signature, and other distinctive traits.

While there is no specific legislation solely dedicated to personality rights in India, various laws collectively contribute to their protection. The Copyright Act, 1957, protects the original expressions of individuals, indirectly safeguarding personality rights through control over creative works. The Trade Marks Act, 1999, allows individuals to register their name or signature as a trademark, securing exclusive rights to its commercial use. Additionally, the Indian Contract Act, 1872, enables individuals to enter into contracts to license or assign their personality rights.

The recognition and enforcement of personality rights in India have largely been shaped by judicial precedents rather than codified statutes. The Indian judiciary, drawing inspiration from common law jurisdictions like the United States and the United Kingdom, has progressively acknowledged the significance of these rights, particularly in the context of celebrities and public figures whose personas hold substantial commercial value. The right to privacy is a fundamental right in India, as established by the Supreme Court in the landmark case Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017). This ruling encompassed the right to control one's personal information and identity, thereby laying the groundwork for personality rights.
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Analysis
The recognition and enforcement of personality rights in India have largely been shaped by judicial precedents rather than codified statutes. The Indian judiciary, drawing inspiration from common law jurisdictions like the United States and the United Kingdom, has progressively acknowledged the significance of these rights, particularly in the context of celebrities and public figures whose personas hold substantial commercial value. The right to privacy is a fundamental right in India, as established by the Supreme Court in the landmark case Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017). This ruling encompassed the right to control one's personal information and identity, thereby laying the groundwork for personality rights.

In Titan Industries Ltd. v. Ramkumar Jewellers (2012), the Delhi High Court elucidated on the definition of a celebrity, highlighting the individual's right to control the commercial use of their identity, famously coined as the right to publicity. Subsequently, in Amitabh Bachchan v. Rajat Negi & Others, Mr. Bachchan successfully sought an injunction against the unauthorized use of his celebrity status to promote goods, emphasizing the practical application of personality rights in protecting against commercial exploitation. Similarly, in Shivaji Rao Gaikwad vs. Varsha Production, the Madras High Court restrained a production house from using Mr. Rajnikanth's name, caricature, and dialogue style without permission, setting a precedent for the protection of celebrities' persona and its commercial value.

Moreover, In the case of Anil Kapoor vs. Simply Life India and Ors., the Delhi High Court recognized the violation of personality rights in digital contexts, particularly through AI and virtual reality. The court emphasized the need for explicit legislation to protect personality rights in an increasingly technologically driven society.

However, the scope of posthumous personality rights in India has been subject to judicial scrutiny. The recent judgment in Krishna Kishore Singh Vs. Sarla A Saraogi & Ors. narrowed the ambit of posthumous personality rights, holding that the rights of privacy, publicity, and personality vested in Sushant Singh Rajput did not survive his death. This decision aligns with previous rulings, such as the Madras High Court's decision in Deepa Jayakumar vs A.L. Vijay, where the Hon’ble Court held that these rights cease with the individual's life.

The evolution of personality rights in India reflects a significant stride towards recognizing and safeguarding individual autonomy and dignity. Despite the absence of specific legislative enactments dedicated solely to personality rights, the Indian legal system has drawn upon constitutional provisions, intellectual property laws, and judicial interpretations to establish and reinforce these crucial protections.
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Analysis
Through landmark cases and judicial pronouncements, courts have affirmed the right of individuals to control the commercial use of their identity, ensuring that their names, images, likenesses, and voices are not exploited without consent. However, challenges remain, particularly in addressing posthumous personality rights and adapting to the complexities of the digital age. Moving forward, there is a pressing need for explicit legislation to comprehensively address personality rights in an era marked by rapid technological advancements and evolving societal norms. By providing clear legal frameworks and protections, India can further strengthen individual autonomy and uphold the inherent dignity of every person.
Thread Bare
VIAGRA vs. VIGOURA: The Legal Prescription that ended the Phonetic Duel
In the case of Pfizer Products Inc. v. Renovision Exports (P) Ltd., Pfizer Products Inc., (Pfizer) initiated legal proceedings in the Hon’ble Delhi High Court to safeguard its well-recognized trademark ‘VIAGRA’ against, Renovision Exports (P) Ltd. (Renovision), who was conducting business under the mark deceptively and phonetically similar ‘VIGOURA’.

Pfizer is a leading global pharmaceutical company with a strong presence in several countries and adopted the brand name ‘VIAGRA’ for its drug containing Sildenafil Citrate in 1995. ‘VIAGRA’ is a registered trademark in over 147 countries, including India, where it has been in use since 1996.

Renovision started selling its products branded as ‘Nervine Tonic for Men’ and ‘Homeopathic Medicine invented in Germany’ under the infringing mark ‘VIGOURA’ in 1999. Subsequent investigations conducted by Pfizer revealed variants of ‘VIGOURA’ products, such as ‘VIGOURA 2000’, ‘VIGOURA 5000’, and ‘VIGOURA 1000’. Despite the differences in composition and intended use between ‘VIAGRA’ and ‘VIGOURA’, Pfizer alleged phonetic and structural similarity between the two marks and contended that the same could mislead consumers, potentially endangering public health as well as brand dilution.
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Renovision started selling its products branded as ‘Nervine Tonic for Men’ and ‘Homeopathic Medicine invented in Germany’ under the infringing mark ‘VIGOURA’ in 1999. Subsequent investigations conducted by Pfizer revealed variants of ‘VIGOURA’ products, such as ‘VIGOURA 2000’, ‘VIGOURA 5000’, and ‘VIGOURA 1000’. Despite the differences in composition and intended use between ‘VIAGRA’ and ‘VIGOURA’, Pfizer alleged phonetic and structural similarity between the two marks and contended that the same could mislead consumers, potentially endangering public health as well as brand dilution.

Renovision countered stating that the products sold under the mark ‘VIGOURA’ were homeopathic medicines, intended to address vitality and regulating menstruation in women and was therefore, distinct from the Pfizer’s product.

The Delhi High Court evaluated several factors to determine trademark infringement and passing off in the instant matter:

1. Trademark Ownership: Pfizer’s continuous and bona fide usage of the ‘VIAGRA’ mark, supported by international registrations and regulatory approvals, established its exclusive ownership. In contrast, Renovision’s engagement with the ‘VIGOURA’ mark began after ‘VIAGRA’ had gained global recognition. Renovision’s failure to conduct basic trademark search and due diligence undermined their claim of honest concurrent use.

2. Similarity of Marks: The Court noted a high degree of phonetic and visual similarity between ‘VIAGRA’ and ‘VIGOURA’. Both marks shared common prefixes and suffixes and exhibited strong resemblances in letter structure and length. This similarity was particularly concerning in the pharmaceutical industry, where precise product identification is crucial for consumer safety.

3. Likelihood of Confusion: The Court held that the similarity between the marks,coupled with the overlap in field of use and target consumers, created a strongpotential for confusion. This was especially significant given the critical nature of themedicinal products involved, where confusion could pose serious risks to publichealth.

4. Passing Off: ‘VIAGRA’s trans-border reputation was established through strategic media exposure. The Court concluded that the resemblance between the marks, the nature of goods, and the comparable medical conditions they addressed, established a case of passing off.
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IP Updates
Ringing the Fair Notes
Recently, the Calcutta High Court passed a landmark judgment reinforcing the rights of authors of music and literary works used in sound recordings. In a significant decision aimed at safeguarding copyrights, the Court directed Vodafone to pay royalties to the Indian Performing Right Society (IPRS) for using musical works protected under copyrights in its Caller Ring Back Tone (CRBT) service.

This ruling is a major victory for authors whose rights, despite being enshrined in the Copyright Act through the 2012 amendment, have often been overlooked. The judgment acknowledges the necessity of honouring the rights of creators in the digital age.

The dispute originated when Vodafone introduced a value-added service (VAS) allowing customers to set Caller Ring Back Tones for personal use. This service featured music recordings owned by Saregama and other works protected by IPRS, which represents authors, publishers, and musicians. IPRS argued that Vodafone needed a separate license and had to pay royalties for using these works. Vodafone, however, contended that it only needed permission from Saregama, the owner of the recordings.

This disagreement led to a series of lawsuits. IPRS sought royalties from Vodafone, while Saregama aimed to prevent Vodafone from using recordings protected under copyrights without proper authorization. Vodafone responded by requesting to implead other music companies like Sony, Tips as well as other music labels, for effective adjudication of disputes, contending that they did not need a license from IPRS.

The primary issue of consideration for the Court was, whether Vodafone was liable to pay royalties and obtain a separate license from IPRS to commercially exploit the underlying musical and literary works of authors who are members of IPRS.

The Court found that IPRS’ claim was a mixed question of fact and law. On the factual side, Vodafone failed to produce any agreement with IPRS that allowed commercial exploitation of the literary and musical works. The Court scrutinized the agreements between Vodafone and Saregama, concluding that Saregama did not grant a license to play the sound recordings nor did it have the authority to grant rights concerning the underlying musical or literary works incorporated in the recordings.
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Vodafone contended the following:

  1. Saregama being the first owner of the literary and musical works in the sound recordings, thus no IPRS license was required.
  2. Under Section 17(c) of the Copyright Act, 1957, in a contract of service, authors surrender their rights to the employer for valuable consideration, including the right to collect royalties.
  3. The 2012 Amendment does not alter the law regarding independent copyright in sound recordings.
However, the Court clarified Section 18 of the Copyright Act, stating that the author cannot relinquish their right to receive royalties. It acknowledged Saregama as the first owner of the copyright in sound recordings but emphasized that the rights of authors of literary and musical works have an overriding effect post the 2012 amendment. Thus, authors' rights to royalties cannot be circumvented or bypassed.

The Court dismissed Vodafone's reliance on the precedent set in IPRS v. Aditya Pandey (2011), where the Delhi High Court ruled that the right to royalties would only accrue when the works were used independently of the sound recordings. Instead, the Calcutta High Court held that authors are entitled to claim royalties even when their underlying works are used in sound recordings.

Hence, considering all the contentions and submissions made, the Court directed Vodafone to:
  • Cease the unauthorized use of works protected under copyrights without obtaining an IPRS license and making royalty payments.
  • Pay the amounts previously deposited in the Court of Rs.3.5 crores along with interest to IPRS.
  • Expedite the resolution of the dispute with IPRS.
  • Disclosure of data and logs of actual use made by the Vodafone’s subscribers and the works utilized as part of their Value Added Services
LESSONS LEARNT:
This judgment underscores the importance of recognizing and compensating the creative efforts of authors, treating copyright not merely as an economic right but as an extension of the author's personality and legacy. The ruling also highlights the impact of the 2012 amendment to the Copyright Act, which strengthened the position of authors regarding their entitlement to royalties.
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This case emphasizes that legislative changes must be respected and enforced, ensuring authors benefit from their creations. For companies utilizing works protected by copyrights for services such as Caller Ring Back Tones (CRBT) must obtain separate licenses from relevant copyright societies, like IPRS to ensure that all parties involved in the creation of an artistic work are fairly compensated.

The interpretation of Section 18 of the Copyright Act in the present matter demonstrates that even when a sound recording is owned by a music company like Saregama, the underlying rights of authors to receive royalties remain intact and delineate the boundaries between ownership of copyright and the rights of authors which cannot be waived.

Media companies must ensure that their agreements with copyright owners explicitly cover all aspects of rights and royalties, highlighting the necessity of thorough and compliant contracts. This case sets a precedent on the responsibility of MNC’s to respect intellectual property rights, the need for due diligence and adherence to the requisite laws when developing and offering new services that involve Intellectual Property.
PSITA - Person Skilled in  The Art - An Unfolding
A hypothetical person “person skilled in the art” has been a matter of discussion under Indian Patent Law 1970 since forever.

It is mentioned under section 2(1)(ja):

"inventive step" means a feature of an invention that involves technical advance as compared to the existing knowledge or having economic significance or both and that makes the invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art. Within the IPL 1970, the term "person skilled in the art" or PSITA remains undefined. However, within the realm of patents and intellectual property law, a "person skilled in the art" denotes an individual possessing expertise and experience in the pertinent field of technology pertinent to the subject invention.
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Let us understand the definition based on some iconic case laws explaining PSITA.
  • Biswanath Prasad Radhey Shyam vs. Hindustan Metal Industries, Hon’ble Supreme Court of India, 13 Dec 1978

    PISTA was first addressed in this iconic case where the Supreme Court said “a skilled worker, in the field concerned, in the state of knowledge existing at the date of the patent to be found in the literature then available to him, that he would or should make the invention the subject of the claim concerned”.
     
  • Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma Gmbh & Co vs. Cipla Limited, 12 Nov 2014

    The concept of a "person skilled in the art" (PSITA) emerges as a pivotal point of contention here. Defined through decisions from the Indian Patent Appellate Board (IPAB), a PSITA is portrayed as a knowledgeable individual, well-acquainted with prior art, and capable of conducting relevant experiments. In this case, both sides invoke the notion of a PSITA to bolster their respective arguments regarding the patent's inventive step, either emphasizing its perceived obviousness or purported novelty, thereby highlighting the fundamental role of this concept in assessing patent validity.
     
  • Enercon (India) Limited vs. Alloys Wobben, IPAB, 12 Jun 2013

    The law has not used the word ordinary. It had the laws of other jurisdictions before it and yet it eschewed the word “ordinary”. ENERCON referred to KSR Int'l Co. v. Teleflex, Inc, 550 U.S 398 “ he is no dullard. He has read the prior art and knows how

    to proceed in the normal course of research with what he knows of the state of the art. He does not need to be guided along step by step. He can work his way through. He reads the prior arts as a whole and allows himself to be taught by what is contained therein. He is neither picking out the “teaching towards passages” like the challenger, nor is he seeking out the “teaching away passages”, like the defender. … In the words found in Roche V. Cipla this person is a skilled worker in the field concerned, with the state of knowledge existing at the date of the patent to be found in the literature then available. There are no limitations or words in the Act to “reduce” this person's skill or knowledge.
     
  • Roche vs. Cipla, Delhi HC, 27 Nov 2015

    Hon’ble Division Bench of Delhi HC to test obviousness the first test required to be applied is to see who is an ordinary person skilled in art (POSA) and what are its characteristics. The features of a person skilled in the art are that of “a person who practices in the field of endeavour, belongs to the same industry as the invention, possesses average knowledge and ability, and is aware of what was common general knowledge at the relevant date… to impute to a normal skilled but unimaginative ordinary person skilled in the art what was common general knowledge in the art at the priority date”.
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  • 5. Rhodia Operations vs. Assistant Controller, Madras HC, 31 Jan 2024

    The Madras High Court stated that “…As is evident from the above survey, the definition of inventive step in the Patents Act is closer to that in the UK Patents Act because both statutes use the expression “person skilled in the art” unlike the US Patents Act which uses the expression “person having ordinary skill in the art”. That said, what is the level of skill: is it average, good, very good, excellent, or extraordinary? The text of Section 2(1)(ja) does not place any of the above qualifiers or any analogous variant before the adjective “skilled”. …The absence of the words “in India” in Section 2(1)(ja) indicates that the person could be based anywhere in the world, including India..”

    To summarise:
    The Person Skilled in the Art (PSITA) embodies a proficient worker with a comprehensive understanding of the common general knowledge pertinent to the 'priority date'. They are characterized as competent individuals, not lacking in intelligence, who possess the ability to interpret prior art and navigate standard research procedures autonomously. A PSITA is well-versed in the prevailing state of the art, capable of conducting relevant experiments, and exercises a level of common sense commensurate with their field of expertise. Their attributes align with those of a practitioner in the relevant industry, possessing average knowledge and awareness of the common general knowledge at the relevant time.

    PSITA's proficiency transcends geographical boundaries and encompasses a spectrum of skills, including above-average competency in their field, alongside educational and vocational qualifications, as well as practical experience utilizing industry-standard tools. In essence, PSITA serves as a cornerstone in patent law, providing a standard against which novelty, non-obviousness, and inventive step are evaluated. Their expertise and contextual understanding are pivotal in determining the degree of innovation inherent in a given invention within the framework of Indian patent law.

    In conclusion, PSITA holds a pivotal role in Indian patent law, serving as a standard for evaluating the novelty, non-obviousness, and inventive step of an invention. His/her expertise and field of understanding facilitate the determination of whether an invention would have been evident or innovative to a skilled individual at the time of its conception. Based on the above case laws we can now give a wireframe definition to the word “PSITA”.
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Recent   GI registrations in India from Kerala
A Geographical Indication (GI) tag is a sign/mark allotted to an artefact or a commodity that originates in a particular region and has its own unique identity. A GI right empowers the bearer to restrict the indication from being used by any other person whose quality does not meet the required criteria. In India, Geographical Indication tags are governed under Geographical Indication of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999.

If you're headed to Kerala this year and wondering what you should save room in your suitcase for, why not consider its wide selection of GI Tagged foods? From the robust flavor of Wayanad coffee to the aromatic allure of Alleppey cardamom, this article delves into some of Kerala's renowned GI-tagged foods, which celebrate the unique environmental and traditional farming practices of its region.
WAYANAD ROBUSTA COFFEE
Wayanad, a picturesque district in Kerala, is synonymous with the cultivation of Robusta coffee. Introduced in the second half of the nineteenth century, Robusta coffee soon replaced Arabica due to its resilience against pests and diseases. Today, Wayanad is the sole producer of Robusta coffee in India, accounting for over 95% of the coffee grown in the region.
The harvesting period of Wayanad coffee, generally starts in the month of December and is set to close in February. Coffee powder is usually prepared by drying the pods of the coffee plant and roasting its seeds.

Wayanad Robusta coffee is celebrated for its unique aroma and flavor, characterized by a full-bodied, soft-to-neutral cup with intense aroma and hints of chocolate. It is ideal for blending with Arabica and is widely used in preparing espresso coffee, enhancing the richness and longevity of the blend’s cream without compromising the flavor. With a yield potential of 1,400 to 2,500 kg/ha under varied conditions, Robusta coffee is the second most popular coffee in the world. Wayanad stands out as a significant contributor to India’s coffee production, second only to Karnataka.
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ALLEPPEY GREEN CARDAMOM

Kuttanad, known as the "Rice Bowl of Kerala," also gains prominence for its high-quality ‘Alleppey Green Cardamom’, which is a variety of cardamom, primarily sourced from the hilly terrains of Idukki.

Large-scale cultivation of cardamom started in Kerala in the 19th century. Cardamom cultivation was mainly practised by the Tamils who lived in the vicinity of the Idukki district.
As cardamom became an economically profitable spice by the 1850s, the Travancore kings gave more importance to cardamom cultivation, trade, and export.

A treaty made by the Travancore kings with the British led to the consolidation of power under Marthanda Varma. Such changes in governance led to the monopoly of spice cultivation and trade. This led Travancore to sell all the spice products in the country only at the state depot at Alappuzha. At that time, Alappuzha was the main port of Travancore. This led to the sorting and processing of cardamom at Alappuzha. The cardamom harvested in the hilly region is hand-picked and sun-dried for quality, transported to Alappuzha, and then distributed. That is how it got the name "Alleppey Green Cardamom."

As cardamom cultivation grew industrialised and the demand for cardamom in the market increased, farmers shifted away from indigenous varieties and started cultivating superior hybrid cardamom varieties developed by agricultural scientists. This resulted in an increased yield of cardamom.

Alleppey Green Cardamom is hand-picked and sun-dried, to retain its superior quality and aromatic properties. The demand for Alleppey Green Cardamom has surged globally, with its export from Idukki crossing 1000 metric tons and uses spanning culinary, medicinal, and aromatic applications. This spice has played a vital role in the local economy, providing livelihoods and promoting agricultural advancements.

PALAKKADAN MATTA RICE
Palakkadan Matta Rice also referred to as “Red Rice”, grown in the Palakkad district, is known for its bold grains with a red pericarp, ensuring higher nutritional and fibre content.
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Cultivated in the dense black cotton soil, locally known as 'poonthalpadam,' this rice boasts a distinct earthy flavor. The unique soil composition, rich in clay and silt, enhances the water-holding capacity, contributing tothe rice's distinctive qualities.
Nutrient-dense and rich in calcium and magnesium,Palakkadan Matta Rice has a distinctive flavor & stands out for its health benefits. The par-boiling process further preserves its nutritional value, making it a staple in the local diet. Registered under the Geographical Indications of Goods Act in 2007, by the Palakkad Matta Farmers' Producer Company Ltd. this rice is a testament to the region’s agricultural heritage.
MARAYOOR JAGGERY
Marayoor, a village in the Idukki district, is renowned for its traditional and handmade jaggery. Made from sugarcane which is majorly cultivated in this region using centuries-old methods, Marayoor Jaggery is known to be the sweetest jaggery available in India.

It is dark brown, high in sweetness, iron, and low in sodium content.
The production process, rooted in a 400-year-old tradition, involves preserving the original taste of sugarcane, resulting in high-quality jaggery free from impurities. It is grown in hilly areas and raised in fog and yawning rain and wind, by the cultivators from Onakkallur, a village in Udumalpet in Tamil Nadu. Hence, one gets a high- quality, delicious yield having no taste of salt or cyst. Recognized for its unique taste and high-quality standards, Marayoor Jaggery received the GI tag from the Central Government in March 2019. This recognition has bolstered its market presence, highlighting the cultural and agricultural significance of this traditional sweetener
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EDAYUR CHILLI
Edayur Chilli also known as Edayur Mulaku  in Malayalam, is famous for its low pungency and unique flavor, and cultivated in the Edayur Panchayat of Malappuram district.

The fruit of the Edayur chilli is a drooping berry, solitary, with a moderately triangular shape and a smooth surface. Once a job seeker went to Malaysia in search of employment.
He did not get the job and returned to Malappuram, but he kept a hand full of seeds of chilli. The edayur chilli, which is famous for its spiciness, originated from the seeds he planted in the soil of Malappuram.

The chillies are ideal for various culinary applications, including the preparation of fried chilli and Mulaku Kondatom (chillies dried after soaking in curd) that can be stored for more than one year.

Cultivated across several gram panchayats in Malappuram, Edayur Chilli is highly valued, with farmers earning substantial returns up to Rs. 250 per kg for chilli. The chillies are initially less spicy and larger in size. When harvested, their size shrinks and the spice increases. The GI tag granted has opened new markets for this distinctive product, enhancing its economic viability and preserving its unique characteristics.
TIRUR BETEL LEAF
Tirur Betel Leaf, cultivated across multiple regions in Malappuram, is noted for its high chlorophyll, protein, and water content. This special betel leaf possesses unique biochemical properties, including aroma and flavor, making it suitable for various medicinal and culinary uses. Rich in anticarcinogens, Tirur Betel Leaf holds promise for future applications in anticancer drugs.
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The juice from betel leaves has many medicinal purposes. It is used in"Thambooladi Thailam," which is a medicine for cough.

Historically significant, the cultivation of betel leaves in Tirur began in the 1880s, with increasing demand leading to the establishment of a pan bazaar. Today, Tirur Betel Leaves are exported to countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan, showcasing their international appeal and economic importance.
Snips & Specs
IPR Quiz
A. What does Intellectual Property (IP) Valuation involve?
  1. Assessing the potential impact of IP on business value.
  2. Assigning a fixed monetary value to IP assets.
  3. Determining the market price of tangible products.
  4. Calculating the production cost of IP assets.
B. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for an invention to be eligible for a Patent in India?
  1. Novelty.
  2. Non-obviousness.
  3. Inventive step.
  4. Public disclosure before filing.
C. Which of the following is a difference between a Utility Patent and a Design Patent?
  1. A Utility Patent protects the functional aspects of an invention, while a Design Patent protects its ornamental appearance.
  2. A Utility Patent is valid for 30 years, while a Design Patent is valid for 50 years..
  3. A Utility Patent can only be obtained for physical products, while a Design Patent is for software inventions.
  4. A Design Patent provides worldwide protection, while a Utility Patent is limited to the country of registration.
D. What is the term for the unauthorized use, imitation, or reproduction of someone else's Trademark in a way that may deceive or confuse consumers?
  1. Trademark renewal.
  2. Trademark abandonment.
  3. Trademark registration.
  4. Trademark infringement.
 

(Answers at the end of the Newsletter)

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For Those Who Don't Know Everything
- Provided by my good friend, Philip Furgang.
  • The sentence: "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" uses every letter of the alphabet.
     
  • The winter of 1932 was so cold that Niagara Falls froze completely solid.
     
  • The words 'racecar,' 'kayak' and 'level' are palindromes, which are the words which are same whether they are read left to right or right to left.
     
  • There are 293 ways to make change for a dollar.
     
  • There are more chickens than people in the world.
Accidental Inventions: Botox - From Paralyzing Poison to Flawless Face: The Accidental Discovery of Botox
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Accidental Inventions as the name suggests refer to the discovery or creation of something new or useful that was not intentionally sought after. Accidental inventions have played a significant role in shaping our world, from the discovery of penicillin to the creation of the microwave oven. In some cases, accidental inventions have even led to entire industries and new fields of research. These inventions often arise from unexpected or accidental circumstances, such as a laboratory mishap or a chance encounter. While not all accidental inventions may be successful or have significant impact, they serve as a reminder that innovation can come from unexpected sources and that sometimes the most ground-breaking discoveries can be the result of chance. In this Accidental Inventions series of articles, we will be telling you about some of the lesser known accidental inventions.

Botox, a household name synonymous with wrinkle reduction, boasts a surprisingly dark origin story. Its key ingredient, botulinum toxin, lives up to its name – Botox being an abbreviation for "Botulism Toxin" – making it one of the world's deadliest poisons. This toxin, produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, causes the deadly illness botulism. However, the cosmetic use of Botox is a proof to the power of scientific curiosity and a keen eye for unexpected benefits.

The discovery of botulinum toxin itself wasn't accidental. In the late 1890s, following a fatal botulism outbreak in Belgium, Emile Pierre van Ermengem, a Belgian scientist, isolated the culprit bacteria. The toxin's potential for therapeutic use wouldn't be explored until almost a century later.

The credit for the path that led to Botox's cosmetic use can be attributed to two separate discoveries. The first belongs to Dr. Alan Scott, an ophthalmologist, in the 1980s. Botulinum toxin wasn't yet known for its cosmetic applications, but rather for its potential in treating eye muscle disorders.
Dr. Scott, in a case of persistent double vision in a patient despite three failed surgeries, injected a purified form of the toxin directly into the patient's eye muscles. This bold move proved successful,   demonstrating the potential of botulinum toxin for treating involuntary muscle contractions.
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While Dr. Scott's discovery paved the way for therapeutic applications, the cosmetic connection arose from a separate observation. Dr. Alastair Carruthers, a dermatologist, noticed that patients receiving botulinum toxin injections for blepharospasm (involuntary eyelid twitching) also seemed to have reduced wrinkles around the eyes. This sparked the curiosity of Dr. Carruthers and his wife, Dr. Jean Carruthers, who started investigating the possibility of using botulinum toxin for wrinkle reduction.

The journey from a doctor's hunch to a mainstream cosmetic treatment wasn't without its hurdles. Rigorous testing was required to ensure the safety and efficacy of Botox for cosmetic purposes. Finally, in 2002, the FDA approved Botox for the treatment of glabellar lines (frown lines) between the eyebrows.

The discovery of Botox highlights the importance of serendipity in scientific advancements. A potentially dangerous toxin found a new life as a medical and cosmetic aid. Today, Botox has numerous therapeutic applications beyond aesthetics, including treating migraines, excessive sweating, and chronic pain conditions.

Remembering Brands “Lost” (in Time): Credit Suisse: The bank that transformed Europe’s       forgotten backwaters
In the grand tapestry of business history, there exists an overlooked collection of stories. These are tales of brands that once shone brilliantly in their respective sectors, commanding the attention and loyalty of consumers, yet today, they exist as mere whispers in the echoes of the past as footprints on the sands of time. This series of articles embarks on a fascinating journey into the annals of commerce, where we recount the stories of brands that, in their prime, captivated the hearts and minds of consumers. Through the years though, these brands, like shooting stars, blazed across the commercial sky only to dim and disappear.
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In this story, we delve into the whys and hows behind their rise and fall and unearth the lessons, the nostalgia, and stories that reveal much about the ever-evolving landscape of consumer preferences, market dynamics, and the very essence of branding itself. Join us as we resurrect these forgotten comets of commerce, and shed light on the rise and the factors that led to their obscurity.   Welcome to a voyage, as we pay homage to Brands that got Lost in Time!
Benjamin Franklin once said, “It takes many good deeds to build a good reputation, and only one bad one to lose it.” This adage rings true in the case of Credit Suisse, a titan of Wall Street whose decline wasn’t due to a single misstep but rather a series of scandals and failures in risk management that ultimately eroded investor confidence in its leadership and business model.
This article chronicles the rise and fall of Credit Suisse, detailing the key events that led to the downfall of one of the most prestigious financial institutions in the world.
THE RISE OF A PRESTIGIOUS GIANT

“Schweizerische Kreditanstalt” (Swiss Bank) which was later rebranded as Credit Suisse was founded in 1856 by Alfred Escher, a Swiss industrialist and politician, stood as a symbol of Swiss financial power, stability and prestige for more than a century and a half.
Escher aimed to modernize the Swiss economy by issuing loans to fund the development of Switzerland’s first railway system and electrical grid and avoid dependence on the French banking system. This ambition laid the groundwork for the bank’s transformation into a highly respected pillar of Switzerland’s financial centre. The bank’s headquarters, adorned with its original abbreviation SKA, still stands majestically in Paradeplatz, Zurich.
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During its early years, Credit Suisse played a crucial role in the country’s industrial development, financing infrastructure projects and aiding in the establishment of the Swiss currency.

After World War II, Credit Suisse was instrumental in restructuring Europe’s economy, acquiring several Swiss banks in the process. This expansion helped establish its presence throughout Europe, and it soon became a prestigious financial institution worldwide transforming Europe’s forgotten backwaters. Its iconic gilt-panelled vault 18 feet below the level of Lake Zurich, housed 3,500 safes for customers, and symbolized its status and security.

In the latter half of the 19th century, Credit Suisse expanded its operations, catering to the Swiss middle class. The bank made a significant move in 1988 by acquiring a 44% stake in the U.S. investment bank First Boston, later obtaining a controlling stake in 1990 establishing its presence in the United States. This acquisition catapulted Credit Suisse into the ranks of global investment banking powerhouses, rivalling Wall Street titans such as Goldman Sachs.

EMERGENCE OF CORRUPTION CULTURE
However, signs of trouble were present even in the early days. A minor scandal in an Italian branch revealed off-the-books cash transactions aiding tax evasion. Despite such hiccups, the bank maintained its reputation throughout the 1980s and 90s and continued to expand its global operations. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions it became a powerhouse of European and even world banking.
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The rapid growth led to a culture focused on maximizing profits, sometimes at the expense of ethical standards. This culture of relentless growth eventually resulted in significant controversies, including the 2006 incident where Credit Suisse was involved in hiding Iranian transactions from U.S. authorities.

Despite being more prepared for the 2008 financial crisis than many competitors, Credit Suisse still faced steep losses. Unlike its rival UBS which played a key role in this story later, it did not require government assistance while being engaged in the mortgage market. However, the aftermath of the crisis saw a series of scandals, particularly involving tax evasion. Probes into its operation were launched and some former employees were arrested in Brazil the U.S. and Germany.

In 2014, U.S. authorities discovered a history of destroyed bank records and concealed transactions involving undeclared accounts. Credit Suisse pleaded guilty to criminal charges, agreeing to pay a $2.5 billion fine, the largest penalty of its kind in over two decades. This event caused a significant blow to the bank’s reputation and credibility, resulting in the resignation of both the Chairman and its CEO.

MOZAMBIQUE CRISIS AND THE ESPIONAGE SCANDAL
Credit Suisse Bankers organized $1.3 billion in loans for Mozambique to develop a tuna fishing industry which was one of the world’s poorest countries at the time. However, the funds were misappropriated, with some ending up in the military. The discovery of these secret loans led to a financial crisis in Mozambique, since financial aid from the IMF and others ceased. The nation's currency plummeted, inflation roared and severe repercussions for its economy ensued. Three former Credit Suisse bank employees were arrested in the U.S. and UK for fraud and money laundering.

It was a careless disaster that affected the lives of countless people in Mozambique the reputation of Credit Suisse was in shambles. But there was one man who thought he was fit for the job to bring the company back to its former glory. His name was to Tidjane Thiam, a former head of one of the largest insurance companies in Britain.

In 2015, with his nomination, the new CEO began by setting his three-year restructuring plan in motion and surprisingly the plan worked. In 2018 for the first time in four years Credit Suisse made a profit. However, internal scandals persisted, and the bank faced a national-level incident in 2019.

It was discovered that the CEO of Credit Suisse himself had hired a private investigator to spy on a former employee who had moved to UBS out of concern that the ex-employee might poach Credit Suisse employees or clients and take them to UBS. After the incident the Bank played down the episode and called it an isolated act, but Switzerland's financial regulators disagreed. This espionage scandal revealed that Credit Suisse had conducted multiple spying operations between 2016 and 2019.
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Days after the official trial commenced, the private investigator hired to trail the former employee mysteriously died by suicide. Although it was widely known that the CEO of Credit Suisse had hired the investigator, none of the executives were found guilty. Despite any convictions, the scandal was too significant to be overlooked. Consequently, Tidjane Thiam was ousted as CEO after the corporate espionage controversy threatened to destabilize the Swiss banking industry.

WRONG MARGIN CALLS
By the time the new CEO Thomas Gottstein got to work, the pandemic stock market craze was slowing down and now companies that relied too much on leverage in their financial operations were in trouble. Two main entities that affected Credit Suisse were Greensill Capital and Archegos Capital Management, both firms collapsed one after the other. Archegos had placed risky bets on a concentrated selection of stocks. When the prices dropped, they defaulted on their margin calls which was considered as the biggest trading loss in its history.

This resulted in a fire sale of stocks that led to billions of dollars in losses to banks. Credit Suisse was the worst hit, Greensill Capital on the other hand was a supply chain finance company that collapsed due to poor risk management. It was later found that Credit Suisse was not only investing in these firms, but also had allowed them to engage in risky activities.

The business was focused on maximising short-term profits and failed to reign in and indeed had enabled Archegos voracious risk-taking. The series of disasters culminated in Credit Suisse losing 15 billion dollars in a single quarter. This was a dire situation and the bank needed yet another new leader to sort this out.

In 2021, António Horta-Osório a former Lloyds Banking Group CEO, was appointed as Chairman, bringing a reputation for successful turnarounds. However, in a controversial interview, he stated that, “Credit Suisse was worse than anything he'd experienced running several banks in his 35-year career”. This situation created a lack of confidence in the bank, making their shares slide 50% since the peak before the spy scandal. In January 2022, António Horta-Osório resigned as the Credit Suisse chairman after an investigation found he had breached UK Covid rules on a trip to London to watch the Wimbledon men’s tennis final and the final of football’s European Championships in London on the same day.

THE DARK SIDE
A major leak revealed that dozens of international entities publicly known for their involvement in human rights abuses, drug trafficking, corruption, money laundering and other serious crimes all had their funds stashed away in Credit Suisse. A total sum of their deposits exceeded 100 billion dollars.
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In March Credit Suisse had to pay half a billion dollars in damages over a fraud case at their Bermuda insurance arm. In June the Swiss bank was found guilty in a money laundering case involving a cocaine trafficking ring in Bulgaria, and with all that the company's reputation was in complete shambles.

By the end of 2022 many financial advisors even began to recommend that clients take their money out of the firm as things were only going to get worse. Around this time rumours began to surface that the company was in distress and by the end of the year the bank had registered more than 100 billion dollars in customer deposit outflow.

AFFLUENT PATRONS WITHDRAW
The CEO was once again replaced, and a new restructuring plan put in motion but at this stage who really thought this was going to work. As 2023 rolled around a new set of macroeconomic conditions sent the company on a new trajectory, one they would not recover from.

It all started on March 14th, days after the demise of Silicon Valley Bank, Credit Suisse delayed their annual report but when it finally arrived the bank admitted to “material weakness in its financial controls” on top of that a laundry list of fines and criminal settlements had come back to bite the bank. They reported an annual loss of more than 7 billion dollars.

Credit Suisse was already under pressure from its depositors and other funding providers lost confidence leading to substantial withdrawals in Q4 of 2022. As clients started to pull their money out. Another blow hit, the bank one of its biggest shareholders the Saudi National Bank stated publicly that it would not provide the bank with more liquidity. Once the news hit the stock of Credit Suisse plummeted 24% in a day.

The Swiss National Bank could no longer stay out of it, since if Credit Suisse went down, the Swiss economy and reputation would be gravely injured. Therefore, in a desperate attempt to reassure the public, the Swiss National Bank injected close to 50 billion dollars in the distressed firm. Unfortunately for them, the move did not work. Major financial institutions were cutting ties with the Swiss giant and client withdrawals at one point reached 10 billion dollars per day.

THE CONTROVERSIAL UBS TAKEOVER
In a desperate bid to save the Swiss economy and as the only viable option the Swiss government facilitated a takeover of Credit Suisse by its main rival, UBS.

Unlike Credit Suisse, UBS had been doing quite well over the past few years. It had 7.6 billion dollars in profit in 2022 along with confidence from its investors. Its stock had also risen 24% over the past years and it agreed to take over its competitor Credit Suisse.
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This move, however, was controversial, bypassing the usual shareholder approval process and igniting public and political backlash. According to unconfirmed reports UBS and Credit Suisse executives did not meet over the weekend to discuss the deal it was the Government and the Swiss central bank that orchestrated the move behind the scenes.

However, the true problem was the nature of the deal which was made. UBS is a public company and as such its shareholders had to approve any major decisions likely to be implemented. It takes six days to have an emergency conference and reach an agreement. But the Government made an exception that allowed UBS to override that rule.
Unsung Heroines and Heroes - David Sassoon: The Unsung Hero Who Made Bombay Truly Wealthy
Unsung heroes & heroines, often hidden in the shadows, are the individuals whose remarkable contributions and selfless actions shape the world. While the world celebrates prominent figures, it is the unsung heroes & heroines who quietly work behind the scenes, driving change, progress, and compassion. These unheralded champions emerge in various walks of life, from the local communities to global stages, leaving an indelible mark on society. Their stories inspire us to appreciate the power of humility and the profound impact that individuals can have on the world, regardless of the recognition they receive. In this series of articles, we will be sharing stories of such unsung heroes & heroines of India.

David Sassoon, born in November 1792 in Baghdad, stands as a remarkable figure whose entrepreneurial spirit and philanthropic endeavours significantly shaped the economic and cultural landscape of Bombay (now Mumbai).
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As a Mizrahi Jew from a prominent family, his contributions to the city’s development are profound, yet often understated. This article delves into his life and the enduring legacy he left behind, transforming Bombay into a thriving metropolis we all know today.

He was born into a wealthy family in Baghdad. His father, Sassoon ben Saleh, served as the chief treasurer to the pashas (the governors of Baghdad) from 1781 to 1817 and president of the Jewish community, establishing a legacy of leadership and prosperity. However, the increasing persecution of Jews forced the Sassoon family to seek refuge elsewhere. They migrated to Bombay (present-day Mumbai, India) via Persia, where David's journey as a visionary entrepreneur began.


In Bombay, David Sassoon quickly adapted to his new environment. He mastered Hindustani (a pluricentric language with two standard registers, Hindi-Urdu), and got to know traders in the city’s cotton market. By 1832, he was actively involved in business, initially acting as an intermediary between British textile firms and Persian Gulf merchants. This role laid the foundation for his future business empire.

Sassoon’s business acumen led him to establish David Sassoon & Sons, later known as David Sassoon & Co. Recognizing the potential of Bombay’s cotton market, he expanded his operations. The Treaty of Nanking in 1842, which opened China to British trade, provided an excellent opportunity for Sassoon to capitalize on the burgeoning demand for textiles. He developed a profitable triangular trade system: exporting Indian yarn to China, importing Chinese goods to Britain, and bringing Lancashire cotton products to India.
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The American Civil War (1861-1865) further bolstered Sassoon’s fortunes. With the disruption of American cotton exports, Lancashire factories turned to Sassoon’s Indian cotton as an alternative. This strategic move not only stabilized the British textile industry but also cemented Sassoon’s position as a leading cotton merchant.

Sassoon’s business empire grew rapidly as he himself ventured into the development of Indian cotton. He set up & owned 17 Sassoon Mills in Bombay, employing between 15,000 to 20,000 workers and was known as the “Badshah” of the business community of Bombay. Later, Sassoon also started manufacturing other fabrics on a large scale. In a way, Sassoon pioneered and developed the concept of ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ and bolstered the country's economic development. Despite his business success, Sassoon remained deeply committed to his Jewish faith, observing the Sabbath and engaging in religious practices throughout his busy life.

Even amidst the colonial setting of pre-independence Bombay, where English was the dominant language under British rule, although he understood the English language, he chose to never speak or use it, and his linguistic repertoire included Hebrew,  Arabic,  Farsi  (Persian),  Turkish  and  Hindustani.  Interestingly,  all  of  his accounting was done in Hebrew, and only those who were fluent in Hebrew were allowed to assist him in accounts.
He made significant contributions to various philanthropic causes in Iraq, Bombay, and Poona (present-day    Pune,    India).    Sassoon    was    a benevolent benefactor for the city of Mumbai and his legacy includes the construction of key infrastructure and institutions that benefited both the Jewish community and the broader population. Notable contributions include:
  • Sassoon Docks at Colaba: the oldest docks in Mumbai and the first commercial wet dock in western India that is open to the general public & helped establish cotton & silk trade. A distinctive feature of Sassoon docks lies in its architecture, wherein a railway line was integrated and brought directly into the docks.
This clever design obviated the need for any extra cargo transportation and streamlined operations. Remarkably, this innovative approach not only revolutionized Sassoon Docks but also become a blueprint and a standard feature adopted in docks nationwide, showcasing its influence on national maritime infrastructure.
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  • Magen David Synagogue and Talmud Torah (Traditionally, meant religious school created, for Jewish children): A central place of worship and learning for the Jewish community.
     
  • David Sassoon Benevolent Institution: Providing education and support to the needy.
     
  • David Sassoon Mechanics’ Institute: Promoting technical education and skills.
     
  • David Sassoon Industrial and Reformatory Institution for Juvenile Offenders: A pioneering effort in reforming young offenders.
     
  • Sassoon  Library  at  Fort,  Mumbai:  initially  founded  to  serve  as  a  repository  of knowledge and education, offering access to a wide range of literature and resources, over the years, it has grown to become a significant cultural institution in Mumbai hosting various educational and cultural events, including lectures and exhibitions.
     
  • Sassoon also contributed generously to the construction of the famous landmark Gateway of India.
David Sassoon eventually relocated to Pune due to its favourable weather, where he was instrumental in the construction of certain iconic landmarks, which stand till this day and they include:
  • Sassoon Hospital: Established in 1867 with a significant donation of ₹2,50,000 from Sassoon, the hospital catered to provide medical care to a broad section of society. It played a crucial role during the plague epidemic of 1897 and continues to be a major medical facility. Initially it was designed to take up about 145 patients. However, as the hospital patients grew in numbers, a need was felt for expansion. At the right time, the Sassoon Hospital received another generous donation from Jacob Sassoon, the nephew of David Sassoon in 1903. This helped in adding the capacity of beds to reduce congestion.
Today the hospital is a sprawling 1500 bed hospital with all modern facilities and celebrated its 160th anniversary in 2023. It also works as a training facility for nursing and is identified as the disaster control centre for medical support in the event of any major outbreak of   epidemic   or   Pandemic,   or medico legal issues of the city of Pune.
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  • Ohel David (Tent of   David) Synagogue: Completed in 1867, this red brick synagogue, also known as “Lal Dewal”, is a testament to Sassoon’s devotion to his faith. Built with a clock tower, the structure is a reminiscent of British church architecture. The synagogue is flooded with light from the stained-glass windows and contains the mausoleum of the patriarch, carved in Deccan basalt. This Gothic-style structure is the largest synagogue in Asia outside Israel and houses Sassoon’s tomb.
  • Niwara (The David Sassoon old age home for the destitute): Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Justice Ranade, and others had been wishing to create a facility for the unsupported old age fraternity in Pune. David Sassoon came forward and was the visionary whose philanthropic gesture made the old age home a dream come true in 1864. Appropriately named after its benefactor as the “David Sassoon Infirm Asylum”, this center was renamed later as “Niwara” and is equipped with its own physiotherapy and medical facilities and houses about 150 inmates.

    Other charitable institutions supported by David Sassoon also included a Jewish crematorium and leper asylum in Pune.
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David Sassoon passed away in November 1864 in Pune at the age of 72 and didn't survive to see the consecration of the synagogue in November 1867. His death was widely mourned, and The Times of India aptly noted, “Bombay has lost one of its most energetic, wealthy, public-spirited and benevolent citizens.” His descendants continued his legacy, maintaining strong ties with Bombay and contributing to its development for several years.

David Sassoon’s life is a testament to the transformative power of entrepreneurship and philanthropy. His contributions laid the foundation for Bombay’s emergence as a global economic hub, and his legacy continues to inspire future generations remaining a pivotal chapter in India’s history.

This article holds a special place in my heart as my distant familial connection to David Sassoon through my maternal lineage inspired me to delve into his story. His story, is one of resilience, innovation, and generosity—values that resonate deeply within our family and continue to influence our outlook on life. By highlighting his achievements and enduring impact, I hope to honour his memory and bring deserved recognition to a figure whose contributions have often been overlooked and it is my privilege to share this narrative with a wider audience. I had the privilege of attending services at the Ohel David Synagogue with my mother.
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NewsNet is a monthly compilation of articles and updates by R K Dewan & Co. This publication is intended to be circulated for informational purposes only. The publication in no way constitutes legal advice/opinion being provided by R K Dewan & Co. to its readers or the public at large. R K Dewan & Co. encourages readers to seek professional legal advice before acting upon the contents provided herein. The firm shall not be responsible for any liability or loss that may be attributed to the contents of this publication. This publication is the property of R K Dewan & Co., and the same may not be circulated, distributed, reproduced, or otherwise used by anyone without the prior express permission of its creators.
Quiz Answers: A-1; B-4; C-1; D-4
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