*We claim no copyright over the images used and the same have been used for reference and educational purposes only

Festivals – a word that instantly releases dopamine and brings about a feeling of joy and flashes all the memories associated with the various festivals celebrated throughout the year. Countries with the highest number of festivals globally are Cambodia, Sri Lanka, India, Columbia, Trinidad and Tobago and Hong Kong.

However, can one entity claim trademark rights over names of festivals? Can one entity be given the sole proprietorship of a name of a festival?

*We claim no copyright over the images used and the same have been used for reference and educational purposes only

Before we begin, let us first categorize the various kinds of festivals. These include,

a. Private festivals: Private festivals include the music/cultural festivals such as ‘Sunburn’, ‘Boom Festival’, ‘Field Day’, ‘Glastonbury’, ‘Wilderness’, ‘Houghton’, ‘Meadows in the Mountains’ and the like. Each of these is run by independent companies and has their own set of branding. They are coined words and thus can be protected under the Trademark Laws.

b. Shopping festivals: These are organized usually by including the name of the city in which they are conducted such as Dubai Shopping Festival. Istanbul Shopping Festival, The Great Singapore Sale, Cannes Shopping Festival, Coimbatore Shopping Festival, Showbizzare – A Shop- A Frolic Fest and the like

c. Public Festivals: These are country specific and are usually celebrated due to a mythological story or an historical event that had occurred in that region or country. These festivals most often than not have religious sentiments attached to it and are celebrated by a group of people who believe in such rituals. Prayers are offered and beliefs are intertwined.

Thus, in your opinion, should it be permissible for any person to own exclusive proprietary rights over an occasion that brings so many people together and touches their hearts and minds?

You must have often spotted various products and services offered using festival names. We conducted a search through the records of the Indian Trademarks Registry to check if names of festivals were registered as trademarks. The following festivals were searched and the results surprised us:

Onam, Vishu, Baisakhi, Chaturthi, Chhath, Christmas, Diwali, Easter, Holi, Navroz, Pongal, Sankranti and Ugadi.

*We claim no copyright over the images used and the same have been used for reference and educational purposes only

We found the following marks ‘Registered’:

Appalled, aren’t you? Well, so were we!

Trademark Registration provides an exclusive statutory right to the proprietor of the trademark to use/assign/license its mark. Further, this right is perpetual in nature. Trademark rights empower the proprietor of a registered trademark to stop any person from using its trademark, under both civil and criminal laws. Under civil law, the person misusing a registered proprietor’s trademark will be liable to pay damages, whereas under criminal laws the person will have to go to jail. As on date, if you use ‘Navroz’ on packets for selling namkeen or, ‘Diwali’ for selling cattle feed or, ‘Makar Sankranti’ for selling washing soap/detergent cakes, you will be in trouble! Is this right?

Based on the rights made available to the proprietor of a trademark, I am of the opinion that, no person ought to have exclusive rights over the names of publicly celebrated festivals. I firmly believe that names of festivals are deeply rooted in our customs and culture and use of the festival names for irrelevant and sometimes offensive and disparaging goods or services are likely to hurt sentiment.

What do you think?

* A Very Happy Diwali and a Prosperous New Year *

*We claim no copyright over the images used and the same have been used for reference and educational purposes only

- Dr. Rajinder Kumar Sapru

3D printing is also called additive manufacturing. Additive manufacturing is a process in which a physical three dimensional product is created by a printer called a 3D printer. In order to create a physical product, a digital file which contains the three dimensional design of the product should be available in the memory of the printer. These designs can be created by a designer experienced in the field of creating such designs. When instructions are given to a 3D printer to create the physical form of the design in the memory of the computer, the printer starts depositing material layer by layer till the last layer is laid.

In other words, 3D printing is a digitally enabled manufacturing process in which a design for a product to be manufactured is first prepared. Software in the printer enables translation of the design into a physical product. The 3D printer uses a special type of material in micron size particles to churn out the product.

*We claim no copyright over the images used and the same have been used for reference and educational purposes only

So what can a 3D printer make? 3D printers can be used for making from a small and a simple item to a very complex one. The printer size varies from small to very large size depending upon what is to be printed. Small 3D printers can be installed at home and used for making small items. In many cases, it may be easier and cheaper to make customisable items at home than identifying the same in the market and then purchasing them. Large industrial scale 3D printers are used for commercial scale manufacturing.

The 3D printer can be best understood if a comparison is drawn with a typical conventional printer used for printing of documents. Conventional printers connected to a computer, require a file, say a word / pdf file, which should be available in the memory of the computer before a printout is given. Similarly, a 3D printer should have a design file of the product available in the memory of the computer. Next, a command is given to the conventional printer to print the selected word /pdf document. The printer on receipt of the command, prints the document using ink available in the printer. Similarly, for a 3D printer, the digital design file is selected and a print command is given in the computer. The printer processes the file and gets the print head ready for the processing. The settings of the 3D printer can be changed as in the case of conventional printer. The conventional printer uses ink whereas a 3D printer has filaments of material which are used for depositing the material layer by layer. These filaments of 3D printers are akin to ink of a conventional printer. A conventional printer deposits ink on paper whereas a 3D printer deposits layers after layer of material on a substrate to create a physical copy of the design selected in the computer.

What types of materials are used in 3D printers? A large variety of material can be used. Plastic, polymer, wood, metal etc. is quite commonly used. The filaments which are generally made of plastic, are filled with material either in the form of a coat or may be fused with the plastic of the filament. The material used for printing is never pure wood or metal but it always contains some amount of plastic. There are hundreds of material which have been developed by various companies for 3D printing. Recently Russian astronauts, called cosmonauts, took vials containing cow cells and nutrient broth into spacecraft. The vials were inserted into a 3D printer which replicated the cells and then 3D printed a piece of meat. There are reports of 3D printed houses constructed in a day. Plinth, wall, ceiling, partition of such houses were 3D printed and doors and windows were fixed manually.

Small 3D printers can handle limited material whereas Industrial 3D printers are much larger, expensive and can handle a large variety of material.

A. Steps of 3D printing:

1. Design creation: The first step for 3D printing involves creating a design in three dimension. Three dimensional geometry with the specific dimensions of the product to be made has to be outlined. CAD software is commonly used for such designs. CAD software allows complete visualisation of the prototype created.

2. Printing: This is the last step of the process. When the print command is given, the 3D printer constructs the object as understood in terms of the layer by layer design. The material instructions are also fed layer wise, so that the object is physically created as per the design and material required.

3. Post processing: Post processing is also required when printing is completed. This stage depends upon the material used and the type of printer.

B. Industries which make use of 3D printing:

1. Automobile industry: A number of car manufacturers make use of 3D printing. A number of items are now 3D printed, right from plastic parts to automobile spares. The choice of material enables weight reduction of the part. Prototypes are prepared first to validate functioning of the part. Plastic parts made by 3D printing also have better aesthetics.

2. Aviation industry: A number of spare parts which are quite complex, are made for aircraft. Assemblies which are quite complex may be replaced by a single simple assembly. A single fuel nozzle for a jet engine can replace a complex set up. Reduction of weight of an aircraft is desirable. 3D printing offers such a possibility. Rocket engine parts can also now be 3D printed. This is perhaps the largest market for 3D printing.

3. Medical industry: Hearings aids, dental braces and many prosthetics can now be made by 3D printing. Most hearing aids are now made by 3D printing. Three dimensional visualisation of medical implants in conjunction with specific dimensions of the place where the medical implant is to be placed, gives the best integration option. There is a great demand for 3D printed medical implants especially for prosthetic limbs / bones.

Medicines may also be 3D printed in future. SPRITAM, first anti-epilepsy drug made by 3D printing, has a lot of porosity and therefore, breaks up in mouth. It is given to patients who have difficulty in swallowing.

4. Fashion industry: Fashion industry demands a large variety of designs. 3D printing offers immense possibilities for creating a huge variety of designs. Secondly, traditional material is fused with 3D printed material, again opening new vistas in the fashion industry. China now makes a huge variety of shoes by 3D printing. 3D printing of jewellery items is catching up. Printers are available for printing of rings, necklaces, bracelets in different sizes and styles.

5. Construction industry: 3D printed models have replaced laborious and cumbersome models made earlier. It is reported that a Chinese company, Winsun Decoration Design Engineering, has 3D printed a number of houses. Extrusion material was used for these houses. The engineering company constructed a mansion of 1100 square meters and a five storey apartment though 3D printing.

It is not necessary to own a 3D printer. There are a number of service providers who provide services for 3D printing. If the design is available with the end user, he simply needs to share the design with the service provider and the service provider prints the design. This may turn out to be a cheaper option. Designers can also be hired for preparing complex objects. Making a prototype first has become a norm in the industry before taking a major commercial decision or making a business case.

C. Advantages of 3D printing:

1. Possibility of making complex designs: Limitation of creativity of designer, is the only limitation for 3D printing. In other words, any design created in CAD can be printed. The design may be highly complex and it may not be possible to make such designs through conventional means.

2. Easy customisation: Any customisation is quite costly in conventional manufacturing. This is not the case with 3D printing. Simple change of dimensions on the computer design is sufficient to print the customized product.

3. Perfection of products and speedy printing: Once prototype turns out to be as required, subsequent process is speedy and chances of errors are minimal. The 3D printers are now available which take much less time to produce required articles.

4. Minimisation of inventory: 3D printing enables savings in terms of eliminating requirement of maintaining large inventory stock. The material can be printed as and when required and perhaps underlines the biggest advantage of the process.

D. 3D Printing and Intellectual property

3D printing involves:

a) creating a 3D design in CAD for an object to be 3D printed.

b) using software which slices CAD design making it amenable to printing.

c) using a 3D printer for printing of the object.

d) using material for 3D printing.

e) printing of the object, the design of which is available.

f) delivering a physical copy of the object printed.

3D printing technology developed in 1980s with the advent of industrial scale printers. As the miniaturisation progressed, smaller 3D printers were developed which could be used in the home. As of now, both small, large and very large 3D printers are available.

Where are the possibilities of infringement corresponding to the stages of 3D printing mentioned above? If a design created in 3D is copied without any authorisation, there could be copyright violation. The owner of the copyright may be the one who created the design or the person who hired services for the design to be created in CAD. Copyright will be applicable here and would be the same as that for a design created in a computer.

Copyright may not be applicable for the sliced design created by the slicer software which makes it amenable to printing.

1. Patenting of a 3D printer

If there is novelty and inventive step involved in making a 3D printer, the printer could be patented. There are cases of 3D printers being patented in India. Examples - Apparatus and method for 3D printing of articles, Application no.201947030049; A 3D printer: Auto scene input 3D image and print three dimensional objects, Application no. 201941037967.

2. Patenting of a 3D print

If novelty and inventive steps are disclosed in a 3D print, such a 3D print could be patented. Examples –Acoustic panelling of jet engine inlet, EP3272653A1. Aero-engine formed by 3D printing, CN209354162U.

3. Patenting of material

Material for 3D printing could be patented. Initially only limited material was available for printing. Material available are increasing year after year, thus creating possibilities of newer material. Some of the materials patented include negative refractive index and opto-magnetic material and method of fabricating. US7760053B2. Abrasive wipe for treating a surface EP1688080B1. 3D printing material system with improved colour, article performance and ease of use. Supporting material for digital manufacturing systems CN102186918B.

4. Copyright of CAD design and registration of industrial design for 3D printed end product

For copyrighting of CAD design, protection is available under The Copyright Act, 1957. Section 14 of Copyrights Act says:

14. Meaning of Copyright - For the purposes of this Act, “copyright” means the exclusive right subject to the provisions of this Act, to do or authorise the doing of any of the following acts in respect of a work or any substantial part thereof, namely: -

(c) in the case of an artistic work, —

[(i) to reproduce the work in any material form including—

(A) the storing of it in any medium by electronic or other means; or

(B) depiction in three-dimensions of a two-dimensional work; or

(C) depiction in two-dimensions of a three-dimensional work;]

Further, “Computer Programme” explained in the Act means a set of instructions expressed in words, codes, schemes, or in any other form including a machine readable medium, capable of causing a computer to perform a particular task or achieve a particular result;

Thus computer programme is a work which creates design of the object in CAD which could be 3D printed and therefore, design in CAD could be protected. In other words, the design created in the computer with the help of CAD can be copyrighted under Indian Copyright Act, 1957.

Design of end product available after 3D printing could also be protected.

But there is a catch here. If the printed design is registerable as an industrial design, a problem crops up. There are two sub-sections of section 15 of The Copyright Act, which are reproduced below:

15. Special provision regarding Copyright in designs registered or capable of being registered under the 3[***] 4[Designs Act, 2000 (16 of 2000)]. - (1) Copyright shall not subsist under this Act in any design which is registered under the 3[***] 4[Designs Act, 2000 (16 of 2000)].

(2) Copyright in any design, which is capable of being registered under the 3[***] 4[Designs Act, 2000 (16 of 2000)] but which has not been so registered, shall cease as soon as any article to which the design has been applied has been reproduced more than fifty times by an industrial process by the owner of the copyright or, with his licence, by any other person.

Thus the copyright of the design is lost in case the design is registered. If the design is not registered, copy right will cease as soon as any article to which the design has been applied and more than fifty copies reproduced by an industrial process by the owner of the copyright or by the licensee.

So it does not seem to be lucrative to go for the copyright of the design in CAD in order to protect the intellectual property.

That leaves the option of registration of the design. The design Act, 2000 defines copyright and design as follows:

“Copyright” means the exclusive right to apply a design to any article in any class in which the design is registered.

“Design” means only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament or composition of lines or colours applied to any article whether in two dimensional or three dimensional or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manual, mechanical or chemical, separate or combined, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely by the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of construction or anything which is in substance a mere mechanical device, and does not include any trade mark as defined in clause (v) of sub-section (1) of section 2 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 or property mark as defined in section 479 of the Indian Penal Code or any artistic work as defined in clause (c) of section 2 of the Copyright Act, 1957.

3D printing has the ability to print uniquely designed spare parts and other articles which cannot be conventionally made. This is the area which has potential for protecting the design in the end product prepared by 3D printing. It may be difficult to protect the design for conventional day to day items printed by 3D and therefore, restricting design registration of unique items could prove to be worthwhile. Small items which are printed at home for non-commercial purposes cannot be registered for industrial design.

The design could further be protected under Trademark act.

5. Patenting of processes

IP protection survey shows processes which have been patented, some of which are mentioned below:

1. Mass production of 3D products made of inter-metallic compounds JP5330656B2. The patent covers mass production of 3D products.

2. System for creating 3D products-US20020010655A1

3. Made to order direct digital manufacturing enterprise US20190102815A1

4. 3D modelling apparatus and method JP4778005B2

5. Method for creating, manufacturing and distributing three dimensional models. US7656402B2.

There are many other similar examples where the end products have not been patented but the process, modelling, system etc. have been patented.

- Prachee Karde

The 2019 Indian floods were a series of floods that affected over fourteen states in the month of July and August 2019, due to cloud bursts and incessant rains. More than 1,800 people across fourteen states died and about a million people were affected. Karnataka, Maharashtra and Bihar were the most severely affected states. These floods caused numerous hazards including risk to human and animal life, damages to houses, buildings and infrastructure, loss of crop and livelihood, threatening human life and cattle life due to post flood diseases and disrupting transport and communication, which in turn affected trade and economy. It recent years, it has been observed that during significant cloudbursts, cities and towns have been experiencing flooding of roads, streets, parking lots, etc. Such floods generally occur during heavy rains and as ground cannot absorb rainwater effectively or urban drainage systems are overwhelmed by excessive water flown.

In dense forests, for instance, heavy rains get absorbed by the soil and the trees, on the contrary, in a city, where major part of the surfaces are concrete or asphalt roads and concrete based structures, excessive rain causes waterlogging.

*We claim no copyright over the images used and the same have been used for reference and educational purposes only

Further, urban expansion for development and changing climatic conditions are major factors which intensify the issue of flooding. As the world’s population continues to shift from rural to urban areas, natural drainage systems are being replaced with impermeable concrete that hinders the soil’s ability to drain rainwater, causing huge risk to human life and economic losses. Adaptation to climate change and extreme rain events are the priorities to be considered on the urban planning agendas almost in all the cities worldwide. Although rain water drainage systems have been created, but much of these infrastructures are becoming increasingly outdated and unable to keep up with sudden events like cloudbursts due to to climate change. Lack of a rain forecasting system could have been a factor in waterlogging, but the responsibility also lies on the unpreparedness of the road constructions, drainages and water seepage systems adapted for such changes.

Further, the drawbacks associated with the current impervious concrete are that it flushes pollutants into water streams, increases flood water due to the non-porous structure, declines groundwater due to lack of percolation. Furthermore, due to impervious structures and lack of water seepage, the streams grow dry in summer, in turn affecting the aquatic ecosystem, and for terrestrial animals, there is an insecurity in water supply. An easy solution to avoid these problems is switching to pervious concrete material. Pervious pavements assist the process of infiltration of water into the soil by acquiring rainwater in the porous structure, and seeping it into the underlying soil.

Compositions:

Pervious concrete also referred to as porous concrete, permeable concrete, no-fines concrete, enhanced-porosity concrete or gap-graded concrete is a composite material comprising coarse aggregate, cement, water, supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, silica fume, rice husk, slag, metakaolin and additives like water reducing agents, plasticizers, retarders, viscosity modifiers, etc.

cement: Portland cement with composition of tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetracalcium aluminoferrite, etc. may be used.

aggregates: aggregates may be used as per ASTM C33/C33M specification. Elongated and flaky aggregates having large surface area are preferred as they pack in a disordered manner. Flakiness and disordered structure of coarse aggregates have appreciable effect on durability and workability of concrete.

water: water in a concrete mix reacts chemically with the cement which finally sets and hardens. Water also lubricates the other materials and makes concrete permeable. If water added is more than the desired quantity, slurry will have a running down effect leaving aggregate particles unbounded resulting poor quality, and poor abrasion resistant concrete which will not set in place. Too little water will lead to slow mixer unloading and balling.

water reducing agents: water reducing agents, superplasticizer may be added for increasing the compactness of pervious concrete and to ensure a sufficient pervious concrete rheology help mixer discharge;

retarders: retarders increase the time available for the pouring operation. By addition of retarders, rapid drying of the pervious concrete or early condensate phenomenon does not occur;

viscosity modifiers: viscosity modifiers help to improve the compactness of pervious concrete water retention, reduce the loss of the slurry, and can improve the durability of porous concrete surface; and

air-entraining agents: air-entraining agents increase the fluidity of concrete permeability, improve their performance, and help to enhance the freeze-thaw durability of porous concrete, extending its life.

water to cement ratio: the strength of concrete is governed by the nature of the weight of water to weight of cement in a mixture. Optimum water to cement ratios ranges from 0.28 to 0.4.

The coarse aggregates are bonded together at the points of contact by a layer of paste formed by the cement and water, forming a connected network of voids that allows the fluids to drain through the cured material. Pervious concrete has just sufficient amount of cement binder, such that the grains of the aggregate are only cemented together at the contact sites by a thin hardened cement layer, leaving cavities between the individual aggregates.

The process of mixing generally remains same as for impervious concrete, but it needs very high degree of control in maintaining the desired ratio of water to cement and of various components.

Pervious cement compositions with different additives for increasing the flexibility, durability, compressive strength, fast-curing of concrete are disclosed in various patent applications like CN101190833A, CN103466993A and granted patents US 9,670,094 B2, US9328027B2, etc.

Factors to be considered for designing pervious concrete pavement:

Pervious concrete used in road pavement systems must be designed to simultaneously support traffic and vertical passing of water. Care should be taken that there is minimum horizontal flow and adequate storage in gravel base. Design of flat system of pavements offers the maximum storage.

Appropriate material properties, pavement thickness, and other characteristics are to be selected to meet the required permeability, void volume, amount of rainfall expected, underlying soil properties and anticipated traffic loads simultaneously. Consistency in porosity throughout the concrete structure is beneficial.

Further, various documents like US4398842 and US9884785B2 disclose a method of producing pervious concrete product and guidelines for installation of pervious concrete.

Furthermore, the designing of a pervious concrete mixture which meets the strength requirements of a filling material used for pearl-chain bridges have been made. Hence, in near future, pervious concrete may be used for construction of bridges.

Porous Concrete Paving Blocks (PCPB) with different sizes of coarse aggregate are used for residential roads, low-volume pavements, walkways, driveways and for parking areas.

Properties of pervious concrete:

Compressive Strength: compressive strength of pervious concrete ranges from 3.5 MPa to 28 MPa, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. Further, the actual strength depends upon the properties and combinations of specific materials, placement techniques and ambient conditions;

density: density of pervious concrete ranges from 1600 kg/m3 to 2000 kg/m3. The density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and proportions of the materials used, and on the compaction procedures used in placement;

cavity volume: cavity volume of pervious concrete is between 10 and 35 vol. %;

infiltration rate: infiltration rates of pervious concrete ranges from 80-720 l/min;

permeability: typical flow rates for water through pervious concrete are 120 l/m²/min to 320 l/m²/min, with rates of up to 700 l/m²/min;

flexural strength: flexural strength in pervious concretes generally ranges between about 1 MPa and 3.8 MPa. Many factors influence the flexural strength, particularly degree of compaction, porosity and the aggregate-to-cement (A/C) ratio; and

durability: The durability of pervious concrete depends on various factors like freeze-thaw resistance, sulfate resistance, abrasion and ravelling resistance. It is found that the durability of pervious pavement is comparable to traditional paving materials. Several parking lots built more than 20 years ago with pervious concrete are still structurally sound and in use.

Cost of porous pavement: Factors affecting the cost of pervious concrete are:

• material availability, cost of material at site and construction cost;

• subgrade soil - subgrade soil such as clay may result in additional base material needed for structural support and added storm water volume; and

• site conditions - accessibility to construction equipments, slope, etc.

According to some studies, the cost of pervious concrete material ranges from INR 100-350/ ft2, while others mention that there is a considerable saving in amount about INR 29-193/m2 or INR 18/ft2 for construction of 1m *1m* 0.15m size pervious pavement over ordinary pavements.

Further, even if the cost of pervious concrete is higher than the ordinary concrete due to some of the cost affecting factors, this cost difference however, is offset by the savings in terms of lives of innocent victims, damages to assets, increase in ground water level and overall heat balancing.

Advantages of pervious concrete:

• reduces water runoff by restoring infiltration and groundwater recharge;

• filtration of water seepage to ground water recharge - particle bound contaminants are largely retained on the surface and superficial layers;

• absorbs less heat than regular concrete and asphalt;

• improves skid resistance;

• reduces noise;

• lowers ambient surface temperatures in the environment by reflecting more incoming shortwave radiation than asphalt pavements due to the higher albedo;

• lowers night-time temperatures as it retains less heat than solid pavements, and hence reduces re-radiation of stored heat;

• preserves native eco-system by increasing ground-water storage; and

• stores water.

Applications:

Pervious pavements can be installed for low intensity/load driving roads, parking pathways, walking tracks, as a water retention basin for storing/arresting the rain water/storm water flows and allowing its recharge into ground, slope stabilization, well lining, tree guards, zoo and parks/ greenhouse structures, noise barriers, swimming pool decks, tennis courts, etc. Pervious concrete is also used as an underlayment to relieve hydrostatic pressure under asphalt or impervious concrete paving, aircraft runways to make use of its ability to enhance the grip of rubber tires on pavements and prevent puddling of water, bridge superstructures.

Factors affecting the performance of pervious concrete:

Raveling: Raveling of aggregate occurs when the aggregate to paste bond is broken, and the aggregate is dislodged from the pervious matrix. Raveling occurs if surface aggregates are not adequately compacted, if the mixture is too dry, if the concrete is not properly cured, usage of substandard materials, non-standard construction or curing practices; and

Cracking and disintegration: Cracking and disintegration occurs when overloaded by heavy vehicles.

Further, there are many factors that influence the performance of pervious concrete like shrinkage, ambient temperature changes causing expansion/ contraction, surface drying and temperature gradients may cause curling, change in moisture content, random cracking, surface scaling, joint deterioration, etc.

Maintenance:

Routine inspection: routine inspection of the pavement surface for clogging, and general maintenance, as needed, for restoring surface infiltration capacity;

dry vacuum sweeping, power blowing, pressure washing: dry vacuum sweeping, power blowing, pressure washing have been shown to restore up to 90% of the infiltration capacity of pervious concrete pavements. A combination of these methods may be used like pressure washing and power blowing together, vacuum sweeping, pressure washing and again vacuum system in a sequence, etc.

Various standards:

ACI 522.1-13: Specification for Pervious Concrete Pavement

ASTM C1701 / C1701M – 17: Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete

ASTM C1781 / C1781M - Standard Test Method for Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit Pavement Systems

ASTM C33 / C33M - Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates